We understand that LIFE HAPPENS. Whether it's rainy weather conditions or a busy schedule, you may not be able to plant immediately after receipt.

For a short duration, up to 7–10 days, you can store your plants in a standard refrigerator or walk-in cooler between 35 and 40 degrees Fahrenheit.

For longer durations—if you need to hold off planting for 10 or more days—store plants at a consistent 28 degrees Fahrenheit to maintain dormancy.

No cold storage? No problem. 

Potting plants is an option if you cannot hold them at temperature. Potted plants should be allowed to root well before transplanting to reduce shock. Caring for potted plants can be challenging, and it may take weeks to months before plants are ready to be planted into the ground. 

The best practice is to plant directly into the ground, even if that means storing your plants in the fridge for a few extra days.

Upon receipt, check the condition of the plants. Bareroot strawberry and raspberry plants are shipped in a plastic bag with moistened shredded paper added to prevent the roots from drying out. Check that paper has not dried and moisten slightly if necessary. Shredded paper should be damp, not sopping wet.

Asparagus plants are susceptible to storage molds and should be kept dry. If mold is noticed at receipt, remove the crowns from the box and lay them out in a single layer, out of direct sunlight. After 2–3 hours, they can be put back into the box and moved into cold storage.

Questions? We're here to help.

Monday–Friday, 9–5 pm EST

413-665-2658 or info@noursefarms.com

Posted in: News

Posted in: Newsletter

Commercial growers are increasingly drawn to blueberry cultivation, driven by rising market demand and the berries' nutritional and culinary appeal.Known for their antioxidant-rich profile, blueberries offer increased market opportunities, adaptability to diverse climates, and an extended harvest period, making them an attractive choice for crop diversification. With low-input requirements, decreased pest pressure and high productive lifespans, blueberries present growers with a compelling option for expanding their crop offerings.

Site Preparation 

• Soil pH is one of the most important factors of a successful blueberry planting. Our recommendations are a pH in the 4.5–4.8 range. 
• Even a pH of 5.0 is too high! 
• We advise taking soil samples to get a read on your pH early in the year prior, to make changes well in advance of planting. It is important
• to test the soil’s pH level, so you are able to amend it properly. 
• Elemental sulfur is the best material to use to reduce soil pH. Amend soil with sulfur, not ammonium sulfate or aluminum sulfate. 
• The amount of sulfur to be incorporated varies according to the soil type: sand (light), loam (medium), clay (heavy), as well as the present pH level of your soil. 

• Planting on raised beds is highly recommended to improve soil drainage in the rooting zone, particularly on heavier soils. 
• Selecting a site with a gentle slope (3–4%) and good air drainage will also promote faster drying of foliage, flowers, and fruit. This can reduce the duration and frequency of disease infection periods. Recommended plant spacing is 4–5 feet in the row and 10–12 feet between the rows. 

Planting & Mulching 

• We recommend planting early in the spring when soil temperatures are in the 45–50 degree range. 
• Wood chips can be mixed into the soil prior to planting. Wood chips aerate the soil, increasing drainage and root penetration. 
• Put a 2–3 inch deep layer of wood chips over your planting row and incorporate it thoroughly into the top 6–8 inches of soil. 

Fertilization 

• Do not fertilize at planting. To avoid burning the roots, wait four to six weeks after planting before fertilizing however, do not fertilize after the end of June. 
• During the planting year apply 1 oz. ammonium sulfate in a circular band around each plant. 
• Subsequent years, apply 2 oz. of ammonium sulfate at bloom time, and again one month later. 

Do not use fertilizer which contains potassium chloride as blueberries can be adversely affected. We also do not recommend aluminum sulfate. 

Irrigation

• Drip irrigation is an essential component to successful blueberry production. 
• Blueberries have a shallow, fibrous root system and do not like wet soils. They perform best with frequent, short-duration watering cycles. 
• Maintain moisture, and do not allow roots to dry out. Water one to three times per week, not every day. Drip irrigation placed beneath the mulch layer is the healthiest and most efficient method. We suggest having your local irrigation sales company review your field layout for the best recommendation.

Pruning 

• Remove all flowers during the first two to three years. Do not allow berries to develop. 
• No pruning is needed during the first three years, unless you discover broken, damaged or diseased branches. 
• After the first three years, blueberries should be pruned annually during the dormant period. 
• Prune to have approximately 12 canes per plant. Older, heavy branches in the center should be removed to improve air circulation and light penetration. 
• Remove lower, weak and damaged branches and branches less than 6 inches long. These branches will never fruit and can serve as an entrance point for disease. 
• New wood produces the largest fruit. Canes should be a mix of 1–3 year-old and any canes over 2 inches in diameter should be removed. 

Pest Management 

• Good weed control during the first year is essential. Maintain a 3”-4” layer of aged wood chips as mulch to support water retention. 
• Avoid treated or colored wood chips or mulch. Do not use Cedar or Black Walnut chips. Also avoid using leaves, or an excessive amount of sawdust, as both can mat down and prevent moisture from reaching the plant’s roots. 
• Regular, manual weeding will be necessary. 
• While relatively free of major pest concerns there are still some pests which need to be managed to maximize yields, fruit quality, and extend the life of your planting. Based on experience, growers should be concerned with: 

       - Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD) 
       - Botrytis Fruit Rot (Grey Mold) 
       - Blueberry maggot 
       - Fruitworms 
       - Mummy Berry 
       - Leaf Blight 
       - Mites

Venturing into blueberry production promises both a fruitful harvest and a resilient addition to your crop portfolio. Meticulous site preparation, emphasizing soil health, and strategic planting to effective pruning techniques and vigilant pest management will play a crucial role in ensuring the success of your blueberry cultivation. 

We have an excellent supply of many of our blueberry varieties available in one-liter pots!  Shop now.

Posted in: Newsletter

1. Mulching Raspberry and Blackberry Plants

Effective weed control is essential for good establishment of raspberry and blackberry plantings. Young brambles are sensitive to most pre- and post- emergence herbicides, making applications during the planting year risky. Mulches can be an effective way to reduce weed pressure while also improving cane berry establishment. Mulching during the planting year improves root establishment, increases vegetative growth during the planting year, and increases primocane emergence the year following planting. 

Inexpensive options like rye, oat, or wheat straws effectively suppress weeds and retain soil moisture without hindering new cane emergence, however, it can cause issues with root and crown rot if left on after the planting year, especially in heavy soil. Plastic mulch, also cost-effective, provides excellent weed control and limits soil moisture depletion, but requires drip irrigation due to its water-excluding nature; also excluding new cane emergence. Landscape fabric and woven ground cover, while pricier, offer long-lasting weed suppression and support root establishment but exclude new cane emergence and most precipitation. 

Mulches should be removed from the row at the end
of the planting year to decrease pressure for root and crown rot. Heavier fabric options can be used in drier areas for blackberries and black raspberries but not red raspberry which spreads from its roots. Avoid bark mulch, wood chips, and stone products, which can hold excess moisture and impede cane growth, and mushroom compost which may pose a risk due to high soluble salt content. 

Selecting the right mulch is paramount for successful establishment and growth of raspberry and blackberry plantings. Though mulches can offer effective weed control and support root establishment, careful consideration must be given to factors such as soil type, precipitation, and the specific requirements of each berry variety. By choosing the appropriate mulch, growers can foster a thriving bramble patch that yields bountiful harvests for seasons to come. 

2. Combating Flower Feeding Insects For Fruitful Harvests

In recent years, growers have faced escalating challenges from flower-feeding insects, particularly western flower thrips and tarnished plant bugs. These pests, with a broad host range including grasses and weeds, pose a significant threat to fruit crops. Damage often goes unnoticed until fruit formation, making early detection crucial. Populations can surge rapidly, especially during mass migrations into small fruit fields after the harvest of other host crops or cultivating neighboring fields. To mitigate losses, a proactive program starting early is essential. 

These pests, though distinct in their physical characteristics, life cycles, and preferred host plants, share a common threat to fruit crops through their feeding habits. Western flower thrips, with their minuscule, 1/16- 

inch-long bodies and feathery wings, inflict damage by piercing plant tissues with tiny mouthparts, causing misshapen blossoms and bronzing of fruit near the leaf cap. In contrast, tarnished plant bugs are 1⁄4-inch long. Recognized by their brassy appearance and yellow and black dashes, they target unopened buds, flowers, and young fruit tips, leading to the development of misshapen "cat-faced" berries. 

Both pests require scouting starting from early bloom, by tapping flower clusters into a white cup or paper plate. Initiate control measures if the average thrips per fruit cluster exceeds ten. Tarnished plant bugs necessitate attention if the average nymphs per fruit cluster surpass one. 

Growers facing these challenges must embrace proactive scouting and timely control strategies from early bloom onwards to ensure the resilience of their crops against the distinct yet equally damaging impacts of these flower-feeding insects.

3. Point of Sale Enhancements

Nourse Farms has been selling small fruit through our roadside stand for over 30 years. During this time, we have offered a variety of materials for our berry customers. 

Try any or all of these to enhance your customers' experience. 

RECIPES 

Recipes are very popular with our customers and increases their purchases. Our most popular recipe is our Favorite Fresh Berry Pie, originated by our late co-founder Mary Nourse. 

HEALTH BENEFITS OF BERRIES 

Highlighting the nutritional benefits of berries will increase sales! In our
Fall 2023 Commercial Newsletter, we included a one-page handout, “The Health Benefits of Berries,” designed so our plant buyers can
print the page or take sections of it to share with fruit customers. You
can find past issues of our Commercial Newsletter here. 

CROP SCHEDULES 

Growing other crops for U-Pick or to sell at the stand? A great way to increase repeat visits is a simple handout (or flyer) that includes a list of your crops and their ripening times. Don’t forget to include your logo, phone number, and website. Note where customers can find you on social media so they can receive updates there, too! 

STICKERS, COLORING BOOKS, AND OTHER TAKEAWAYS
Fun takeaways like stickers, coloring books, magnets, key chains, and bags are a great way to get your name out there! Growers have found that marketing investments pay off not only in customer goodwill but also in more repeat sales. Purchasing in advance for two to three seasons for quantity discounts will save you money! 

Contact us at 413-665-2658 or info@noursefarms.com if you have questions about sourcing point-of-sale materials. 

4. Frost-Proofing Strawberries

Strawberry plants are at high risk for frost and freeze damage in the spring due to their low stature and early flower emergence. Temperatures in fields can often be colder than forecasted. Cold-related damage can cause injury to plants and significantly reduce yields. Given increased spring temperature fluctuations, growers must be prepared to protect their crop or risk losses. Strawberry crops are most susceptible to damage at open blossom, although damage can occur at any stage of development. 

There are several options for frost protection including overhead watering, floating row covers, wind machines, and stack heaters. Overhead irrigation is effective for frost protection when air temperatures are below 32°F and wind speeds are less than 10 MPH. 

A single layer of lightweight row cover, 1oz. typically will provide up to 3o to 4oF of cold protection. Row covers can be applied as a double layer to increase protection. Overhead irrigation can also be combined with row cover which can improve protection when temperatures are low and wind speeds are high. 

Wet bulb temperature is a crucial element in determining the correct time to begin frost protection. This refers to the cooling effect of evaporation at a given humidity. At 100% humidity, ambient temperature and wet bulb temperature are the same but wet bulb decreases as humidity drops. Therefore, start temperatures for irrigation are high at low humidity and low at high humidity. 

For frost protection irrigation should be started before wet bulb temperature reaches the critical temperature and continued until wet bulb temperature exceeds the critical temperature. 

Wet bulb temperature can roughly be calculated by subtracting 1/3 the difference between ambient temperature and dew point from ambient temperature. For example, if ambient temperature is 36°F and dewpoint is 24°F, the wet bulb temperature would be 32°F. 

As strawberry growers navigate the challenges of unpredictable spring temperatures, adopting frost protection methods, including overhead irrigation and row covers, becomes essential, ensuring a safeguard against frost-induced damage and promoting robust yields for a thriving strawberry harvest. 

5. Maximize Bramble Yields with Trellising

A trellis system enhances air circulation and light penetration, improves disease control and picking efficacy, and notably reduces losses and damages caused by cane breakage from wind and crop weight. 

A T-trellis is a single vertical post, with one or two 18”–24” horizontal cross-arms at 3’ and 4.5–5’ above the ground. Wires run through holes near the ends of the cross arms, down the length of the row. Construct a simple T-trellis with a 4 x 4 post and one or two 2 x 4 cross arms. 

V-trellises are similar to T-trellises but have two vertical posts. Posts can be set in the ground vertically on either edge of the row, spaced 18”–24” apart, or from the center of the row and angled outward toward the aisle. The top gap is 18”-24”. Construct a simple V-trellis with two predrilled angle iron posts or U-posts. With the V-trellis growers can change wire heights or add additional levels of wires as needed without the need to add additional cross-arms. Increase stability by attaching the top of the end posts to one another with a cross arm. 

What are the pros and cons of each? A T-trellis is typically made of wood and with only one vertical post, they are generally less expensive to install than a V-trellis. With only one vertical post and one cross arm, the T-trellis can also provide more access for pruning and weeding. With a V-trellis however, growers have increased availability for wire spacing and adding additional wires for better support and adaptability to individual varieties or situations. Also, since they are normally made with metal posts, V-trellises tend to have greater longevity than T-trellises. With either trellis, end posts should be anchored to limit shifting 

Posted in: Newsletter

For over 50 years, bare root strawberry plants have been the cornerstone of our business. In response to growing customer interest, we’ve added strawberry plugs to our offerings. How do you determine which option best suits your program? 

Bare root plants are versatile, suitable for both matted row systems in early spring and plasticulture systems from mid-June to early July, depending on your location. 

On the other hand, plugs are designed exclusively for planting in the standard, staggered, double-row plasticulture system and should be set in the fall, roughly 30 days after bare root plants. While bare root plants necessitate hand planting into plastic, plugs offer the convenience of mechanical planting. 

Due to their earlier planting time, bare root plants require more meticulous irrigation management. Plugs must still be carefully managed after planting, but with their later planting window, demand less time and management for a full crop the following June. Runner removal is critical for developing good branch crown growth in both bare root and plug plantings. 

Our catalog boasts approximately 30 varieties of bare root plants. For 2024, we are offering plugs of Galletta, Darselect, Cabot, Yambu, Flavorfest, Jewel, Albion, and Malwina. 

When it comes to pricing, bare root plants come in at a base price of $0.21 per plant, whereas plugs are priced at $0.62 per plant.
Bare root plants have no order minimum, while plugs require a minimum order of 7,500 plants. Shipping options vary for bare root depending on the order size and plug orders must be shipped via Freight Carrier. Freight costs tend to be higher for plugs due to case size. 

In summary, bare root plants offer a more cost-effective solution, especially for large-scale planting where budget considerations are paramount. And for those prioritizing variety availability, bare roots may be favored due to their broader selection. 

However, if mechanical planting or efficiency is a priority, plugs may be the preferred choice despite their higher cost. Plugs, planted later, require less management and field time, making them appealing to growers seeking reduced crop management intensity or needing to work around other seasonal crop and farm demands. 

For more information on ordering plugs, contact Amanda Emond at aemond@noursefarms.com or 413-665-2658 x221. 

Posted in: Newsletter

Over the next few months, our strategy includes moving towards a circular ecosystem with reusable solutions, waste reduction, and incorporating more sustainable practices. We plan to work with experts to explore waste reduction and start recycling non-organic materials in shared spaces. Ensuring a safe and supportive workplace is crucial, so we'll roll out a multi-site safety program, including checklists and training. Moreover, we're committed to benefiting our community by offering internships (stay tuned!) and prioritizing local sourcing to lessen our environmental impact and bolster local economies. 

Stay tuned as we establish our Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and targets, ensuring that our ESG initiatives are not just aspirations but actionable strategies driving tangible results for our business and the communities we serve. 

Thank you for joining us on this exciting journey towards a sustainable future. 

Ashly Mellon, COO

Posted in: Newsletter

Posted in: Newsletter, Newsletter Greeting

Position Summary:

Nourse Farms is a leading player in the plant propagation industry, known for their commitment to excellence in providing high-quality plant stock. Nourse Farms is seeking a motivated and dedicated Grower to support the Head Grower in the management and care of small fruit plants at our facility in Mills River, NC. The Grower will play a vital role in maintaining plant health, implementing growing practices, and ensuring the success of our horticultural operations.

Primary Duties:

Reasonable Accommodation Statement:

To accomplish this job successfully, an individual must be able to perform, with or without reasonable accommodation, each essential function satisfactorily. Reasonable accommodation may be made to help enable qualified individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions. 

Key Responsibilities:

• Plant Husbandry: Assist in the planting of crops in our facility’s gutter, and . engage in ongoing plant maintenance activities, such as removing flowers, pruning leaves, and adhering to a preventative spray schedule to ensure plant health. 
• Greenhouse Operations: Collaborate with the Head Grower to manage all aspects of greenhouse operations, including monitoring environmental conditions, runner production tasks, irrigation and nutrition management, and integrated pest management strategies. Ensure efficient and timely completion of all greenhouse activities while maintaining optimal growth conditions for plants.
• Inventory Management: Assist in maintaining accurate inventory records of plant varieties,   maintain accurate records of tasks related to grow bags, planting, plant maintenance, tip inventory and other greenhouse-related activities. 
• Quality Control & Sanitation: Support quality control efforts to ensure that all plants meet or exceed established quality standards.  Assist in greenhouse clean-out and sanitation before transition to new production.
• Team Collaboration: Collaborate closely with the Head Grower and other team members to execute growing plans, communicate plant care needs, and contribute to the success of the growing operations.
• Standard Operating Procedures and High Standards: Collaborate with Head Grower to develop and implement Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for the facility, ensuring the highest standards of cultivation and production are consistently met. 
• Priva Software Utilization and Data Analysis: Proficiently utilize Priva climate and labor management software to monitor and control greenhouse climate conditions, labor activities, and collect data related to plant growth, yield, and environmental conditions. Use this information to fine-tune cultivation techniques, optimize greenhouse operations for efficiency and productivity, and contribute to the optimization of plant growth.
• Equipment and Facility Maintenance: Participate in the maintenance and repair of equipment and facilities as needed to ensure a safe and efficient working environment.
• Training and Development: Engage in continuous learning and training to enhance horticultural knowledge and skills.
• Additional Duties: Collaborate with Head Grower on other tasks and responsibilities related to greenhouse operations, as required. 
• Perform other duties as assigned.

Qualifications:

• Bachelor's degree in Horticulture, Agriculture, or a related field (preferred).
• 2 years experience in greenhouse operations or agricultural work.
• Basic knowledge of greenhouse operations, including Priva experience a plus 
• Strong attention to detail and a willingness to learn and adapt.
• Excellent communication and teamwork skills.
• Ability to work outdoors in various weather conditions.
• Physical ability to perform tasks such as climbing ladders, lifting 50 lb., bending, and operating equipment.
• Eagerness to contribute to a dynamic and collaborative team.

Click here to apply now.

Posted in: Jobs

Position Summary: 

Nourse Farms is a leading player in the plant propagation industry, known for our commitment to excellence in providing high-quality plant stock. Nourse Farms is seeking a highly skilled and experienced manager to lead our facility in Whately, MA and Pasco, Washington for the Farm/Nursery soil-based propagation operations. The Head Grower will be responsible for overseeing all aspects of plant production, crop management, and maintaining the highest standards of plant health and quality. This role is crucial in ensuring smooth operations and effective communication within the department and across the organization. 

Primary Duties: 

Reasonable Accommodation Statement 

To accomplish this job successfully, an individual must be able to perform, with or without reasonable accommodation, each essential function satisfactorily. Reasonable accommodation may be made to help enable qualified individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions.  

Key Responsibilities:

• Propagation Leadership: Direct and monitor every stage of soil-based propagation, ensuring processes comply with our protocols, resulting in robust plants.
• Team Guidance: Lead the farm team, ensuring they receive instruction, mentorship, and a high proficiency in propagation practices.
• Resource Optimization: Collaborate with the Whatley General Manager to allocate resources efficiently, aiming to maximize propagation processes and achieve production goals.
• Data Analysis: Launch data capture methods for tracking propagation efficiency and growth rates. Utilize this data to identify trends and make informed decisions to bolster propagation outcomes.
• Quality Assurance: Implement rigorous quality checks, ensuring propagated plants meet our quality standards. Address concerns like pests, diseases, or other hazards promptly.
• Documentation: Maintain detailed records of propagation activities, covering plant schedules, inventory, and quality assessments.
• Pesticide Management: Retain an active pesticide applicator's license, apply pesticides safely and adhere to all relevant regulations.
• Safety Advocacy: Promote the well-being of all staff by endorsing adherence to safety protocols and nurturing a safety-first culture.
• Progressive Development: Regularly identify areas for improvement, advocating innovative solutions to uplift farm operations.
• Performance Reporting: Diligently report on weekly, monthly, and quarterly KPIs, ensuring the alignment and achievement of departmental targets.
• Site Collaboration: Travel to and collaborate with our Pasco, Washington soil-based propagation site several times a year, especially during planting, digging, and packing of raspberries and asparagus.
• Perform other duties as assigned.

Qualifications:

• Education: Bachelor’s degree in Horticulture, Agriculture, Plant Science, or a related field preferred, or equivalent experience required. 
• Experience: 7+ years of progressive and hands-on experience in soil-based propagation and farm management, including leadership experience. Analytical Skills: Ability to collect and interpret data, make data-driven decisions, optimize cultivation techniques accordingly, and meticulous record-keeping.
• Leadership Abilities: Strong leadership and team management skills with a track record of building and motivating high-performing teams. Ability to motivate and inspire a diverse team.  Ability to adapt to changing priorities and work effectively in a fast-paced environment.
• Communication: Excellent verbal and written communication and interpersonal skills to collaborate effectively with various departments and other stakeholders.
• Problem-Solving: Proactive approach to identifying and resolving challenges related to plant health and productivity.
• Physical Stamina: Ability to lift up to 50 lbs, standing for extended periods, and working in varying temperatures.
• Deep understanding of plant propagation techniques.
• A valid pesticide applicator's license.
• A staunch commitment to sustainable and eco-friendly farming methods.

Click here to apply now.

Posted in: Jobs

Position Summary:

Nourse Farms is a leading player in the plant propagation industry, known for their commitment to excellence in providing high-quality plant stock. Nourse Farms is seeking a motivated and dedicated Greenhouse Grower to support the Head Grower and Greenhouse Manager in the management and care of small fruit plants at our facility in Whatley, MA. The Grower will play a vital role in maintaining plant health, implementing growing practices, and ensuring the success of our horticultural operations.

Primary Duties:

Reasonable Accommodation Statement:

To accomplish this job successfully, an individual must be able to perform, with or without reasonable accommodation, each essential function satisfactorily. Reasonable accommodation may be made to help enable qualified individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions. 

Key responsibilities:

• Greenhouse Operations: Collaborate with the Head Grower to manage all aspects of greenhouse operations. This would include monitoring environmental conditions, irrigation and nutrition management, and integrated pest management strategies. Ensure efficient and timely completion of all greenhouse activities while maintaining optimal growth conditions for plants.
• Inventory Management: Assist in maintaining accurate inventory records of all plant varieties,
• as well as grower activities such as scouting, applying pesticides and biological controls. 
• Quality Control & Sanitation: Support quality control efforts to ensure that all plants meet or exceed established quality standards. Assist in greenhouse sanitation before transition to new production.
• Team Collaboration: Collaborate closely with the Head Grower and/or Greenhouse Manager as well as other team members to execute growing plans, communicate plant care needs, and contribute to the success of the growing operations.
• Standard Operating Procedures and High Standards: Collaborate with Head Grower to develop and implement Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for the facility, ensuring the highest standards of cultivation and production are met. 
• Environmental Controls Utilization and Data Analysis: Proficiently utilize Priva/Argus environmental software to monitor and control greenhouse climate conditions. Use this information to fine-tune cultivation techniques which will contribute to the optimization of plant growth.
• Equipment and Facility Maintenance: Participate in the maintenance and minor repair of equipment and facilities as needed to ensure a safe and efficient working environment.
• Training and Development: Engage in continuous learning and training to enhance horticultural knowledge and skills.
• Obtain a pesticide license within four months of hire.
• Additional Duties: Collaborate with Head Grower and/or Greenhouse Manager on other tasks and responsibilities related to greenhouse operations, as required. 
• Perform other duties as assigned.

Qualifications:

• Bachelor's degree in Horticulture, Agriculture, or a related field (preferred).
• 2 years experience in greenhouse operations or agricultural work.
• Basic knowledge of greenhouse operations, including Environmental Controls (Priva/Angus) experience a plus 
• Attention to detail and a willingness to learn and adapt.
• Excellent communication and teamwork skills.
• Ability to work outdoors in various weather conditions.
• Physical ability to perform tasks such as climbing ladders, lifting 50 lb., bending, and operating equipment.
• Eagerness to contribute to a dynamic and collaborative team.

Click here to apply now.

Posted in: Jobs

Posted in: News

What is a pathogen?

A pathogen is an organism causing disease to its host. Bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and fungi are pathogens that can cause plant diseases. Pathogens enter their host and seize the plant’s energy for their use. Pathogens can enter a plant in various ways, including wounds or natural openings, penetrating plant tissue, mechanical damage, or insect transmission.

What is a disease cycle?

A disease cycle is a series of events involved in disease development. In most disease cycles, the basic steps are inoculum production, the spread of inoculum to a susceptible host, penetration of inoculum into a host, infection, secondary cycles, and pathogen survival between host plants.

Why is identification vital?

Identifying pathogens is the first step in controlling plant diseases and producing quality crops. Proper identification is necessary to implement effective management strategies.

Anthracnose Fruit Rot

The fungus Colletotrichum acutatum is responsible for anthracnose fruit rot. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides may also be found on blueberries in the southern United States.

Photos courtesy of Margaret McGrath, Cornell University

Symptoms

It primarily damages fruit but may also infect twigs and spurs. The fruit surface will develop salmon or rust-colored ooze, which contains spores. Blossom clusters may turn brown or black. Young, girdled stems die back, resulting in a brown withering of the leaves. All infected plant parts will become covered in gray mold in damp conditions. Fruit rot symptoms usually do not appear until the fruit ripens; berries that look perfectly healthy at harvest can rot soon afterward. Infected berries eventually shrivel up and fall off the bush.

Disease Cycle

This disease favors cool, muggy weather and often occurs post-harvest. The fungus overwinters on infected plants and plant debris. Spores are spread by wind or water.

Phomopsis Twig Blight and Canker

The fungus Phomopsis vaccinii causes Phomopsis twig blight and canker.

Photo courtesy of Chris Smigell, University of Kentucky

Symptoms

Symptoms include tip dieback on infected wood, and infected buds will become brown and die. Cankers on stems or in the crown may form and kill the stems. Spores may be visible on blighted twigs and at the base of the cane. The disease will travel into the stem and cause sudden wilting and death of canes. Leaves will change color to red or brown. This disease may also cause fruit to rot at the time of harvest.

Disease Cycle

This disease overwinters in infected plants. This disease primarily affects one-year-old woody stems with flower buds. Spores are produced and released during rainy periods.

Botrytis

The fungus Botrytis cinerea causes Botrytis blight.

Photos courtesy of Dr. Yonghao Li, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station

Symptoms

Botrytis may affect leaves, blossoms, fruit, and green tissue. Shoot tips will die and turn brownish-black and, after time, will turn a lighter tan or gray color. Blossoms that become infected will turn brown and appear water-soaked. Immature fruits may shrivel and turn purple, while mature fruits appear tan. When wet conditions are present, infected plants will have rotted flowers and berries covered in gray fuzz and spores.

Disease Cycle

The fungus favors cool, humid weather. This disease can overwinter on infected plants, and spores can be spread by wind.

Mummy Berry

The fungus Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi causes Mummy Berry.

Photos courtesy of Bill Cline, NC State Extension

Symptoms

This disease impacts leaf shoots, berries, and flower buds. The first visible sign of this disease is “mummy cups” on the ground near the blueberry bush. After a few weeks of the emergence of the cup-shaped structures, new shoots and leaves will wilt, and the wilted shoots will have brown discoloration. Infected plant parts will become covered with fungal spores that appear powdery. Once the infection moves to the berries, the plant will produce a “mummy” berry, a pink-colored berry with hard, soft skin and white fungal growth inside. These berries will fall to the ground and become the initial source of infection the following year.

Disease Cycle

This fungus is most severe after moist spring weather. The fungus overwinters on the infected, fallen “mummy” berries. In the spring, the mummies release spores that infect new growth. Insects may carry the spores to open flowers. The fungus will inhabit the flower ovaries.

Reminder

Nourse Farms is here to help your plants survive and thrive! Call us at 413-665-2658 or email us at info@noursefarms.com if you have any questions.

Resources

Demchak, Kathleen, Timothy E. Elkner, C. John Esslinger, Maryann Frazier, S. Guiser, J. M. Halbrendt, Jayson K. Harper, et al. The Mid-Atlantic Berry Guide for Commercial Growers, 2013-2014, 2013. 

Blueberries. “Michigan Blueberry Facts: Anthracnose Fruit Rot (Ripe Rot) - Blueberries,” n.d. 

“Mummy Berry Disease of Blueberry | NC State Extension Publications,” n.d. 

Sgs. “Blueberry IPM - Anthracnose Ripe Rot.” Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment, July 15, 2020. 

Photo Resources:

“Anthracnose on Blueberry | Vegetable Pathology – Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center,” n.d. 

Gauthier, Nicole, and Chris Smigell. “Blueberry Cankers & Twig Blights.” University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food & Environment Extension Plant Pathology, January 2022.

Li, Yonghao. “Botrytis Blight of Blueberry.” The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, January 2023.

“Mummy Berry Disease of Blueberry | NC State Extension Publications,” n.d.

Posted in: News

What is a pathogen?

A pathogen is an organism causing disease to its host. Bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and fungi are pathogens that can cause plant diseases. Pathogens enter their host and seize the plant's energy for their use. Pathogens can enter a plant in various ways, including wounds or natural openings, penetrating plant tissue, mechanical damage, or insect transmission.

What is a disease cycle?

A disease cycle is a series of events involved in disease development. In most disease cycles, the basic steps are inoculum production, the spread of inoculum to a susceptible host, penetration of inoculum into a host, infection, secondary cycles, and pathogen survival between host plants.

Why is identification vital?

Identifying pathogens is the first step in controlling plant diseases and producing quality crops. Proper identification is necessary to implement effective management strategies.

ASPARAGUS

Purple Spot

The fungus Stemphylium vesicarium causes purple spot disease.

D. Johnson, Washington State University

Symptoms

Symptoms include sunken, reddish-purple lesions and may develop a brown center if the lesion is large. Lesions can be found on the lower half of the spears and do not impact the internal tissue of the spear. This disease may cause blighting of foliage, which may significantly reduce yield the following year.

Disease Cycle

Thrives in cool, wet spring weather. The fungus overwinters on crops and fern debris. In spring and summer, fruiting bodies on plant debris produce spores. Spores may be wind-carried.

Cercospora Blight

The fungus Cercospora asparagi causes the foliar disease Cercospora blight in asparagus.

John Damicone, Lynn Brandenberger, Oklahoma State University Extension

Symptoms

Symptoms include browning of the ferns and small, greyish-tan spots with reddish-brown borders on the needles and small branches. These lesions can first be found on the lower part of the fern and progress upward. In severe cases, ferns will yellow over time. This disease results in early defoliation and loss of crown vigor, causing a reduction in the yield of spears the next spring.

Disease Cycle

Thrives when daily temperatures average 77–86°F and with relative humidity 95% or above. The fungus overwinters on fern debris in the soil. Rain and wind disperse spores.

Asparagus Decline Syndrome

Asparagus decline syndrome has been linked to the presence of the fungus Fusarium in the soil.

John Damicone, Lynn Brandenberger, Oklahoma State University Extension

Symptoms

When plants are affected by asparagus decline syndrome, productivity will slowly lessen. The yield will be lower, the spear size will reduce, and the crown will eventually die. Symptoms include root rot that leads to a significant decrease in feeder roots. The crown will appear discolored, and adult plant fronds will wilt and die.

Disease Cycle

Many factors can contribute to the decline of asparagus plants. These factors include winter crown injury, weeds, insects, acidic soil, several diseases, and soil compaction.

RHUBARB

Gray Mold

The fungus Botrytis cinerea is responsible for gray mold on rhubarb plants.

Dan Egel, Wenjing Guan, Purdue University  *This photo is Botrytis cinerea on a tomato plant.

Symptoms

The first symptom of this disease is grayish-brown discoloration on the plant’s leaves. Under humid conditions, the affected areas will develop into gray, fuzzy growth. The stalks may turn red-brown and develop water-soaked areas on stems.

Disease Cycle

This disease overwinters on decayed plant parts. Spores may also be abundant in the air.

Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot

The soilborne fungus Phytophthora cactorum causes phytophthora root and crown rot.

Amgrow Specialty Agriculture

Symptom

Infected plants will experience leaf wilt, fail to leaf out in the spring, and experience premature leaf death. Depressed, brown lesions will be visible on the base of the stalk, causing the entire stalk to collapse. When examining crowns, the roots will be brown-black, damaged, and disintegrate.

Disease Cycle

This disease thrives in cool, rainy weather and favors heavier, clay-like soils.

HORSERADISH

Bacterial Leaf Spot

The bacteria Phytomonas campestre armoraciae causes bacterial leaf spot in horseradish plants.

Photos courtesy of Margaret McGrath, Cornell University

Symptoms

Symptoms will first appear as small, dark green, translucent spots. These spots eventually turn brown/black and scatter across the leaf's surface. Leaves may curl up, become dry, and drop. It is imperative that leaves do not stay wet for long periods.

Disease Cycle

This disease favors cool, wet weather conditions and can overwinter on plant debris. The disease can spread by water splashing.

REMINDER

Nourse Farms is here to help your plants survive and thrive! Call us at 413-665-2658 or email us at info@noursefarms.com if you have any questions.

RESOURCES

“Asparagus (Asparagus Officinalis)-Decline.” Pacific Northwest Pest Management Handbooks, April 17, 2023. 

“Horseradish.” Horseradish | Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation. Accessed January 24, 2024. 

Morrison, William. “Disease and Insect Pests of Asparagus (E3219).” MSU Extension. Accessed January 24, 2024. 

“Plant Disease: Phytophthora Root and Stem Rot.” CropWatch, June 20, 2023. 

“Rhubarb.” Rhubarb | Diseases and Pests, Description, Uses, Propagation. Accessed January 24, 2024. 

Photo Resources:

“Crown Rot.” Barmac Pty Ltd. Accessed January 24, 2024.

“Disease of Asparagus in Oklahoma - Oklahoma State University.” Disease of Asparagus in Oklahoma | Oklahoma State University, March 1, 2017. 

Egel, Dan, and Wenjing Guan. “Botrytis Gray Mold.” Vegetable Crops Hotline, May 20, 2020. 

“Home.” Vegetable Pathology Long Island Horticultural Research Extension Center. Accessed January 24, 2024.

Posted in: News

INCREASED EXERCISE

Gardening activities may help you burn as many calories as a workout in the gym. While gardening, you perform movements that mimic whole-body exercise. Gardening can improve strength, flexibility, and balance. Research shows that people who participate in regular physical activity reduce their risk of coronary heart disease and stroke by 35%.

IMPROVED DIET

Different fruits and vegetables have various health benefits and nutritional value. Gardeners are more likely to eat a well-balanced, healthy diet that includes fruits and vegetables. The American Heart Association has published research detailing that that diets higher in plant foods may be linked to a lower risk of dying of a heart attack, stroke, or other cardiovascular disease, notably a 32% lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

TIME IN NATURE

When people are outside, they tend to breathe deeper. Breathing deeper helps to clear the lungs, improve immune response, improve digestion, and increase oxygen levels in the blood. Getting a daily dose of sunlight lowers blood pressure and increases vitamin D levels. (Just remember: While sunlight is vital for good health, remember to protect yourself from harmful UV rays!) Spending time outdoors is linked to reduced heart rate and muscle tension.

A 2011 study published by the Journal of Health Psychology found that gardening caused a decrease in the stress hormone cortisol in test subjects. A 2022 study by the University of Florida found that gardening activities lowered anxiety, stress, and depression in participants. The study’s author theorizes that we may be innately attracted to plants because we depend on them for food, shelter, and other means of survival. In 2014, researchers from the University of Exeter Medical School found that people living near green space reported less mental distress, even after adjusting for income, education, and employment.

TOOLS FOR SUCCESS

Whether you are just starting your gardening journey now or an experienced gardener, we have the tools to help you succeed! Shop our accessories. And, as always, we're here to help you grow. You can call us at 413-665-2658 or email us at info@noursefarms.com with any questions you might have. 

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Viscon is proud to contribute to this innovative company by developing and supplying a highly automated Plant Tissue Culture Lab. This turnkey facility will feature state-of-the-art technologies in labor-saving automation and multi-layer propagation rooms.

“Nourse Farms is focused on delivering the highest-quality plants and our partnership with Viscon promises to support us as we grow—both plants and our operation,” said John Place, Nourse Farms CEO. “Tissue culture has been the cornerstone of what we do for decades, so strategic investments in technology and advancements in this part of our operation are not only ideal but necessary. We are delighted to work with Viscon to bring state-of-the-art technologies to our new tissue culture lab. We expect that we will see a significant increase in our production and efficiency.”

Groundbreaking Tissue Culture Planter
The new facility will be equipped with the latest automation technology. The true star of the show is the groundbreaking Tissue Culture Planter, which Viscon has developed and manufactured in close collaboration with ISO Group. This planter operates in a sterile environment, automatically placing explants into fresh media jars with unparalleled precision. This is usually a highly labor-intensive process that can now be automated. It's a game-changer for plant uniformity and contamination reduction, ensuring Nourse Farms produces the highest quality berry plants. 

Daan Mansveld, sales manager of Viscon Plant Technology: “At Viscon, we are committed to pushing the boundaries of innovation in agriculture, and this project with Nourse Farms is a testament to our dedication. We've meticulously designed this state-of-the-art facility and are currently in the process of manufacturing the latest equipment and technology to bring our vision to life. Nourse Farms, renowned for its commitment to excellence in berry plant cultivation, shares our vision for innovation and sustainability. We're honored to embark on this journey together and support their mission of providing top-quality berry plants to customers worldwide.”

The new laboratory, set to be established in Whately, Massachusetts, USA, is currently in the planning and equipment manufacturing phase, with a projected opening in 2024. We invite you to stay tuned for further updates on the progress of Nourse Farms' forthcoming Plant Tissue Culture Lab! Together, we're shaping the future of agriculture, one berry at a time.

About Viscon Plant Technology
Since 1967, Viscon Plant Technology has been a pioneer in young plant automation, offering complete solutions for the horticultural and fresh produce industries, from breeding to packing. Whether you're experienced in tissue culture or new to the field, Viscon provides all the necessary components for a state-of-the-art tissue culture laboratory, from facility design to climate-controlled propagation rooms, labor-saving automation, growing consumables, software, and training. For more information about Viscon Plant Technology, visit VisconGroup.eu.

About Nourse Farms

For over 90 years, Nourse Farms has produced and sold premium quality small fruit plants to national and international commercial fruit growers, home gardeners, and resellers. Nourse Farms’ commitment to providing customers with virus-indexed, highly productive plants drives the organization to stay on the cutting edge of the latest developments in the industry. By identifying and testing new varieties and growing techniques, Nourse Farms stands behind its promise to deliver quality. What was once a strawberry nursery serving local growers has grown to be an internationally recognized soft fruit nursery selling strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, and blackberry plants. For more information about Nourse Farms, visit NourseFarms.com.

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You might be thinking, what is a bramble? Brambles are bush-like plants with arching canes in the Rubus family of plants. The Rubus family includes blackberries and raspberries (including red, black, and yellow). Bramble roots are perennial, and bramble canes are biennial.

What is a pathogen?

A pathogen is an organism causing disease to its host. Bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and fungi are pathogens that can cause plant diseases. Pathogens enter their host and seize the plant’s energy for their use. Pathogens can enter a plant in various ways, including wounds or natural openings, penetrating plant tissue, mechanical damage, or insect transmission.

What is a disease cycle? 

A disease cycle is a series of events involved in disease development. In most disease cycles, the basic steps are inoculum production, the spread of inoculum to a susceptible host, penetration of inoculum into a host, infection, secondary cycles, and pathogen survival between host plants.

Why is identification vital?

Identifying pathogens is the first step in controlling plant diseases and producing quality crops. Proper identification is necessary to implement effective management strategies.

COMMON BRAMBLE DISEASES

Cane Blight

The fungus Leptosphaeria coniothyrium causes Cane Blight. Black raspberries are more susceptible to cane blight than other brambles.

Photos courtesy of Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University Extension

Symptoms

Cane blight is a weak pathogen that cannot break through the epidermis alone. Cane blight is always associated with a pruning cut, wound, or insect damage. Overwintered canes will show symptoms in early spring, including failure of buds to break, wilting of laterals, or death of floricanes. Symptoms usually occur as the fruit begins to ripen. Dark brown cankers appear around the weak and wilted growth. Canes are weak at the infection site and will often break if bent.

Disease Cycle

The fungus overwinters on dead canes. Old stubs may harbor the disease and produce spores for several years. Insects, water, and wind spread spores.

Spur Blight

The fungus Didymella applanata causes Spur Blight. Purple and red raspberries are more susceptible to damage from spur blight than other brambles. Research shows that blackberries may have immunity against this disease.

Photos courtesy of Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University Extension

Symptoms

In late spring or early summer, brown, blue, or purple spots or bands appear on new primocanes and leaf petioles, usually on the lower half of the plant. These lesions enlarge until the cane is girdled. As the disease develops, canes may crack and split lengthwise. Fruiting structures are often visible under the bark. Leaf symptoms appear as brown, V-shaped areas with yellow margins with a wide area at the leaf edge. Damage from winter injury may increase. The yield may reduce due to the withering of infected laterals and eventual death.

Disease Cycle

The disease overwinters in infected canes and will release spores during wet periods from early spring through late summer.

Anthracnose

The fungus Elsinoe veneta causes Anthracnose. Purple and black raspberries are more susceptible to anthracnose than red raspberries. Young growth is most vulnerable to infection.

Photos courtesy of Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University Extension

Symptoms

Most often, Anthracnose symptoms are found on canes but can also occur on leaves, petioles, flower buds, and fruit. In the spring, reddish-purple spots appear on young canes. As the disease progresses, the spots enlarge, and the centers become sunken. The typical "gray bark" symptom can be observed in late summer or early fall. Canes infected by anthracnose are more susceptible to winter injury and eventually may die. Cankered canes also might produce abnormal fruiting branches with malformed fruit, especially in seasons of drought. In severe cases, infected fruit is dry and seedy.

Disease Cycle

The fungus overwinters on infected canes from the previous season. Fungal growth found in the gray bark lesions will travel to the plant's crown by rain. New shoots will become infected as they emerge from diseased, old canes. More spores are produced in rainy periods in late spring and wind-carried to other bramble plants.

Phytophthora Root Rot

Phytophthora Root Rot can be caused by several soilborne fungi species belonging to the genus Phytophthora.

Photos courtesy of Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University Extension

Symptoms

Once infected, leaves will be prematurely yellow and may appear scorched. Canes will have stunted, weak lateral shoots. As temperatures increase, the fruiting canes wilt and die. The root system of affected canes will have a red-brown color under the epidermis and lack fibrous roots. Often, lesions are visible on infected roots.

Disease Cycle

This disease requires saturated soil conditions for infection. Phytophthora spores travel by swimming through free water or are carried to other plants by splashing water. Once the fungus is present, the pathogen will remain in the soil for several years. Spores may be produced multiple times throughout the season, resulting in the rapid spread of the disease.

Botrytis

The fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold.

Symptoms

Botrytis is mainly a fruit disease infecting flowers and developing fruit. Open flowers can become infected, especially after frost damage. The flowers become dark and shriveled. Discoloration may range from gray to brown. When moisture is present, fuzzy gray fungal growth can appear on the flowers and the stems. Near ripening, gray mold symptoms typically develop, and the berry will develop a watery rot on drupelets, which will then become covered with fungal growth. Botrytis may also infect foliage and cause cane blight and leaf spotting.

Disease Cycle

Thrives in cool temps between 65 to 75 degrees, wet weather, and when extended moisture occurs right before harvest. This fungus can survive on living and dead plant tissue and overwinters on plant debris and stems. Most infections occur during flowering, and the fungus frequently remains dormant until the berry ripens.

Orange Rust

Orange rust is a fungal disease that impacts black raspberries, blackberries, and occasionally purple raspberries; it is not known to infect red raspberries. Orange rust on blackberries and orange rust on black raspberries are not the same. They are considered two forms caused by two separate but similar fungi. Arthuriomyces peckianus mainly infects black raspberries and has a long cycle. Gymnoconia nitens mainly infects blackberries and has a short cycle.

A. Orange rust symptoms on thornless blackberry. Image courtesy of Erik Draper, OSU Extension, Geauga County.

B. Waxy pustules full of brightly colored orange spores (aeciospores) on leaves of thornless blackberry.

C. Orange rust spores on the underside of a wild black raspberry leaf. Note the powder-like appearance.

Symptoms

Symptoms begin to appear when new shoots start growing. New leaves are deformed, stunted, and have a yellowish or pale green color. Early growth on heavily infected plants is typically weak and spindly. Waxy blisters on the undersides of the leaves will form and turn bright orange and powdery. Infected plants may appear bushy because one bud produces many short, upright shoots.

Disease Cycle

These fungi favor cool, wet conditions, and disease development drastically lowers in temperatures above 80°F. The fungus is systemic and overwinters on canes and roots infected the previous season. The disease is a two-stage infection. Infected plants form the orange pustules of spores. These spores are released in late spring/early summer, infecting older leaves on new plants but staying localized for a few weeks. In late summer/early fall, a second type of spore is produced on the newly infected leaves that will infect buds and growth at the base of new canes. The fruiting bodies that produce these spores are not visible. Newly infected plants generally will not show symptoms that year.

Late Leaf (Yellow) Rust

The fungus Pucciniastrum americanum is believed to be responsible for late leaf rust. Late leaf rust infects red and purple raspberries, not black or blackberries. Some spruce species can act as an alternative host but are not believed necessary for infection. This disease is often confused with Orange Rust, a serious disease infecting blackberries and black raspberries.

Photos courtesy of Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University Extension

Symptoms

Late leaf rust can affect leaves, canes, and fruit. As symptoms on fruit do not develop until later in the season, the disease often goes unnoticed on floricanes. Symptoms typically first appear in late July or early August as yellow masses of spores on the underside of leaves; small chlorotic or yellow areas may also be apparent. Unless it’s severe, foliar infections may be difficult to see. Infected leaves may drop prematurely. Infections on berries are often limited to single drupelets, making the fruit unmarketable.

Disease Cycle

This disease requires high humidity for infection. Spores can travel by wind but may also spread to uninfected plantings by machinery or people.

Reminder

Nourse Farms is here to help your plants survive and thrive! Call us at 413-665-2658 or email us at info@noursefarms.com if you have any questions.

Posted in: News

A pathogen is an organism causing disease to its host. Bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and fungi are pathogens that can cause plant diseases. Pathogens enter their host and seize the plant’s energy for their use. Pathogens can enter a plant in various ways, including wounds or natural openings, penetrating plant tissue, mechanical damage, or insect transmission. 

WHAT IS A DISEASE CYCLE?

A disease cycle is a series of events involved in disease development. In most disease cycles, the basic steps are inoculum production, the spread of inoculum to a susceptible host, penetration of inoculum into a host, infection, secondary cycles, and pathogen survival between host plants. 

WHY IS IDENTIFICATION VITAL?

Identifying pathogens is the first step in controlling plant diseases and producing quality crops. Proper identification is necessary to implement effective management strategies. 

COMMON STRAWBERRY DISEASES

Red Stele 

Red Stele is a root and crown rot caused by the soil-inhabiting fungus Phytophthora fragariae.

Photos courtesy of Margaret McGrath, Cornell University

Symptoms

Symptoms are more apparent in spring on established plantings, and infections typically occur in patches where the soil remains the wettest. Older leaves will turn yellow, orange, or red, while younger leaves will turn bluish-green. Infected plants have stunted growth, and as the disease roots progress, plant size, yield, and berry size will decrease. The fungus will cause lateral roots to die, and the main roots will have a “rattail” appearance. Infected plants eventually wilt and die.

Disease Cycle

Favors areas with cool, moist soil conditions, notably heavier clay-like soils. Diseased roots spread spores that can infect healthy roots. Spores travel through the soil solution and infiltrate the tips of the roots in the root system. The roots will begin to rot a few days after infection. As the disease progresses, the fungus will produce more spores that will become incorporated into the soil.

Powdery Mildew

The fungus Sphaerotheca macularis causes powdery mildew.

Photo courtesy of Margaret McGrath, Cornell University

Symptoms

Powdery mildew is primarily perceived as a foliage disease but may also affect flowers and fruit at all stages of development. The first symptom of leaf infection is small, white, powdery colonies on the underside of leaves. As these colonies enlarge, they will cover the entire underside of the leaves and cause the edges of the leaves to curl. Purple-reddish blotches will become visible on the upper and lower leaf surfaces as the disease progresses. Infected flowers produce deformed fruit or no fruit at all. The disease causes immature fruits to harden and dry out, while mature fruits will become seedy and have powdery and white spores.

Disease Cycle

This disease favors high humidity and warm temperatures. The fungus responsible for powdery mildew requires a living host for its survival. It may overwinter on old, living leaves.

Anthracnose

Several species of Colletotrichum can cause lesions on petioles and runners, fruit rot, crown rot, and leaf spot.

Photos courtesy of Margaret McGrath, Cornell University

Symptoms

Anthracnose can infect the petiole, runners, fruits, and flower buds. Symptoms include light-brown spots on fruit that turn dark brown or black and then enlarge. These lesions are lens-shaped and sunken. Leaf spots will form at the margins of the leaves. If flowers and flower buds become infected, they will look dried out. Lesions on the petioles and runners will develop as red streaks that later lengthen and become sunken and dark. Plants may experience stunted growth, yellowing of the leaves, wilting, and collapse of plants. When crown tissue is infected, the tissue will become brownish-red in color and decay.

Disease Cycle

Anthracnose thrives in rainy, warm harvest seasons. This disease primarily spreads by splashing water. This fungus overwinters in infected plants and plant debris. Plant tissue is required for the fungus to survive, and the fungus will not remain in the soil for long periods.

Common Leaf Spot (Birds-Eye Leaf Spot)

The fungus Mycosphaerella fragariae causes common leaf spot.

Photos courtesy of Margaret McGrath, Cornell University

Symptoms

Infected plants will have small, round, red, and purple spots that develop on the leaves and then progress into spots with lighter centers (tan, gray, or white) with a reddish-purple border. The center may fall out, leaving holes with reddish-purple borders. Spots are most apparent on the leaves but are sometimes present on runners, berry caps, leaf petioles, and berries.

Disease Cycle

This disease can occur any time during the year except during dry, hot weather. This disease can survive the winter on dead strawberry plant parts and spread to new foliage by rain or watering.

Phomopsis Leaf Blight

The fungus Phomopsis obscurans causes Phomopsis leaf blight.

Photos courtesy of Margaret McGrath, Cornell University

Symptoms

The first symptoms are small brown spots encircled by a purple halo. As the disease progresses, spots develop into V-shaped lesions with a dark brown edge and light brown center. The wide portion of the V is near the edge of the leaf. Brown spots may develop on runner stolons, fruit trusses, and petioles and impact growth. When fruit caps become infected, fruit and caps will turn brown, causing phomopsis soft rot.

Disease Cycle

This fungus favors long wet periods, and the temperature has little effect on disease development. The fungus overwinters on older, infected leaves. Early-season rain or irrigation will spread the fungus’s spores. Leaves are infected early in the growing season, but symptoms may not form until later in the season.

Leaf Scorch

The fungus Diplocarpon earlianum causes leaf scorch.

Symptoms

Irregular dark purple-red spots will appear on the upper leaf surface. Spots will gradually increase in size and may merge to dominate large portions of the leaves. Dead leaf tissue may dry and turn brown. Spots develop on the petioles and caps. Severe cases of leaf scorch may lead to stunted growth due to foliage reduction, decreased plant vigor, and lower yields.

Disease Cycle

This fungus favors long periods of rain and leaf wetness. The fungus can develop under a wide range of temperatures, but extremely hot or cold temperatures may slow its development. The fungus can survive on living and dead plant tissues but is typically worse in older plantings.

Angular leaf spot

The bacteria species Xanthomonas fragariae causes angular leaf spot.

Photos courtesy of USDA

Symptoms

Symptoms appear as water-soaked spots on the lower leaf surface of older leaves, between small veins of the leaf. The lesions will appear translucent, creating a visible window-pane effect when leaves are held to the light. As the disease progresses, the lesions will expand into an angular shape and become necrotic.

The fruit cap may turn brown or black, while the berry appears normal otherwise. Under moist conditions, the bacterium will secrete a substance that, when dry, appears as a white, scaly film. The pathogen infects the foliage and fruit, and invades the plant’s vascular system, causing a general decline.

Disease Cycle

This disease develops in prolonged cold and wet conditions and favors temperatures just above freezing. This bacterium overwinters in infected plants and dead leaves. The exudate from infected leaves can spread to uninfected plants by water. Young tissue is easily infected.

Botrytis 

The fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold.

Photos courtesy of Margaret McGrath, Cornell University

Symptoms

In dry conditions, a gray, fuzzy, web-like coating develops on the fruit. When the berry is in contact with the soil, other rotten fruit, or damp surfaces, rot may appear and destroy the berry within 48 hours. Gray mold may be present during all development stages of strawberry fruit production. Gray mold can live in the green tissue but be dormant. Light brown lesions will develop on the stem, sides of the fruit, or flower petals. On undeveloped fruit, the fruit may be deformed and die before maturation.

Disease Cycle 

Fruit rot starts with a blossom infection that ultimately occupies the developing fruits, causing them to rot. As the disease progresses, spores are produced and are blown or splashed onto healthy foliage. Once the fungus is established, it can continuously produce spores throughout the growing season.

The disease is most severe during bloom and harvest in seasons with long periods of rain complemented by cool temperatures and high humidity. The Botrytis cinerea fungus overwinters on old leaves and plant debris. Dead plants and fallen leaves should be removed and burned or buried.

REMINDER

Nourse Farms is here to help your plants survive and thrive! Call us at 413-665-2658 or email us at info@noursefarms.com if you have any questions.

REFERENCES

“Common Leaf Spot of Strawberry - .” Wisconsin Horticulture, October 14, 2016.

Demchak, Kathleen, and Amanda Kirsten. The Mid-Atlantic Berry Guide for Commercial Growers, 2013-2014. University Park, PA: Penn State Cooperative Extension, College of Agricultural Sciences, 2013.

“Leaf Blight.” Leaf blight - strawberries - ontario CROPIPM, March 12, 2009.

Louws, Frank. “Botrytis Fruit Rot / Gray Mold on Strawberry.” NC State Extension Publications. Accessed November 16, 2023.

McGrath, Margaret T. “Home.” Vegetable Pathology Long Island Horticultural Research Extension Center. Accessed November 16, 2023.

“Plant Disease Basics and Diagnosis.” Penn State Extension, 2012.

“Strawberry Plant Diseases: Problems Caused by Bacteria, Fungi, Molds, and Viruses.” Strawberry Plants, February 14, 2022.

“Strawberry Powdery Mildew .” Berry Diagnostic Tool. Accessed November 16, 2023. 

Posted in: News

Strawberries

Heart-healthy and immune-boosting, strawberries are bursting with antioxidants, including vitamin C, and anthocyanins. Here's why you should make them a part of your daily diet:

• Heart Health: Strawberries help reduce the risk of heart disease by promoting healthy blood pressure levels and improving cholesterol profiles. They contain potassium, fiber, and flavonoids that support cardiovascular health.
• Immune System Support: Packed with vitamin C, strawberries can strengthen your immune system, keeping those seasonal colds at bay. A single cup of strawberries provides more vitamin C than an orange!
• Anti-Inflammatory: The antioxidants in strawberries have potent anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce chronic inflammation.

Raspberries

Fiber and antioxidant-rich raspberries, with their tart and sweet combination, are loaded with nutrients and offer an array of health benefits:

• Fiber-Packed: Raspberries are one of the best sources of dietary fiber among fruits. Fiber aids in digestion and helps regulate blood sugar levels.
• Antioxidant Arsenal: Raspberries are rich in antioxidants like quercetin and ellagic acid, which combat oxidative stress and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
• Brain Boost: Research suggests that the compounds in raspberries may have neuroprotective properties, potentially contributing to better cognitive function as you age.

Blueberries

Blueberries, often called brain berries are revered for their cognitive benefits and overall health advantages:

• Brain Health: Blueberries are packed with anthocyanins and other antioxidants that may improve memory and cognition, and protect against age-related cognitive decline. Regular consumption has been linked to better brain function.
• Antioxidant Powerhouse: Blueberries have one of the highest antioxidant levels of all fruits and vegetables. These antioxidants neutralize free radicals, reducing cellular damage and the risk of chronic diseases.
• Heart Health: Blueberries have been associated with lower blood pressure and improved cholesterol levels, contributing to a healthier heart.

Incorporating a variety of berries into your diet is an easy and delicious way to reap these health benefits. Enjoy them fresh, frozen, in smoothies, oatmeal, yogurt, or as a topping for your favorite desserts. With their natural sweetness and nutritional bounty, strawberries, raspberries, and blueberries can help you savor both the flavor and the health benefits of nature's most vibrant gifts. Your body and taste buds will thank you!

Posted in: Newsletter

As the summer sun graces your berry fields, you may find yourself with an abundance of fruit! Whether you're a seasoned berry farmer or just starting out, an oversupply of berries can be a challenge! Some tips and tricks:

Prepared Ads for Local Newspapers

Harness the power of your community: have ads prepared for your local newspaper if you find yourself with too many berries. Create irresistible offers like "Buy One, Get One Free!”

Picking for Juice

Berries are a coveted ingredient for jams, jellies, beer, ice cream, wine, and more! We keep a "wait list" of customers to contact when juice berries become available. This is helpful after weather events where you may have an abundance of imperfect fruit.

Keeping a List of Loyal Clients

Keep a list of your loyal customers’ preferences and contact information, and offer them exclusive deals or early access to your berry harvest. These relationships and support can be a lifeline during times of abundance.

Social Media Marketing

Showcase your berry fields on social media. Share recipes, behind-the-scenes glimpses of farm life, and more. Encourage customers to share their berry experiences using a unique hashtag!

Coupons or Discounts

Offer special coupons or discounts to incentivize customers to purchase more berries, like "20% off your next purchase with every berry basket." This promotes sales and encourages repeat visits to your farm. 

With a little creativity and some strategic planning, you can turn your surplus into a win-win situation for both your farm and customers.

2. The Importance of Chill

Chill refers to a plant’s exposure to chilling temperatures, normally measured from 32°F–45°F. There are two stages to chilling, first to enter dormancy and then to complete dormancy. Strawberry plants are considered dormant after about 400 hours of chill; raspberry and blackberry plants often only require 200 hours.

Initial period

• Plants accumulate chill hours to enter dormancy.
• Warm days can keep the plant active. Once the initial requirement is met, dormancy is irreversible.

Dormant period

• Plant is fully dormant.
• Can withstand colder temperatures.
• Related to vernalization or the plant’s ability to flower.

Why is Chill Important?

• Chill is required for many fruiting plants to go into and out of dormancy and to bloom.
• Many fall pesticide treatments must be applied when plants are partially or fully dormant.
• Strawberry dormancy is challenging: apply winter protection too early and plants may not be dormant, too late and they may be damaged by cold.

Methods for Calculating Chill Hours

There are two main methods of measuring chill hours. The Modified Chill Hour Model is done by counting hours where the temperature is between 32°F and 45°F. The Utah Chill Units Model measures only down to 35°F, and reduces hours for warmer temperatures. The Utah model can be a more accurate measurement in temperate areas with colder winters.

Resources

Some extension agencies track chill hours for their area, but this data often comes from a centralized weather station and may not reflect specific fields. Collecting data from in-field stations or from a local weather station and using a spreadsheet may be a better option.

3. Long Canes & Tray Plants

Interest in cultivating berries in soilless media has surged recently. Europe, renowned for its berry cultivation, primarily focuses on raspberry and blackberry long cane plants and strawberry tray plants. Nurseries nurture these plants under ideal conditions, preparing them growers to begin fruiting shortly after transplanting. Both the nursery and the fruit grower must carefully monitor and manage the plants for this production system to be profitable.

Considerations 

Ensure proper management of water and nutrients as well as pests and diseases.

Buffer Capacity

Unlike traditional soil-based cultivation, soilless substrates have limited buffer capacity, leaving little room for error. Simple mistakes, such as overlooking watering or failing to monitor fertilizer applications, can lead to loss or failure.

Irrigation & Fertilization

To ensure optimal results, employ computerized systems for irrigation that adjust fertilizer applications based on irrigation water electrical conductivity (EC) and metering dependent on soil moisture.

Media

The choice of media significantly affects water and nutrient movement, impacting the grower’s approach to irrigation. Coconut coir is the preferred medium for growing berry plants due to its lower water-holding capacity. It necessitates more frequent irrigation but uses less water per cycle, promoting better drainage and reducing soluble salt buildup.

Plant Availability 

In North America, obtaining high-quality long cane and tray plants can be challenging, as most plants are grown on contract for large fruit growers.

Where to Start?

Managing irrigation and nutrient needs can be challenging in soilless production. Experimenting with bare root plants of primocane raspberry and day-neutral strawberry varieties allows growers to manage risks while gaining experience with substrate-based cultivation.

4. Smarter Site Selection

In recent years, growers have faced surges in extreme weather events. As they prepare for new plantings, choosing the right location becomes pivotal in mitigating losses due to adverse weather.

Key Factors in Site Selection

When selecting a site, consider field orientation, grade, sun exposure, precipitation, wind direction, soil texture, water table, and field history. Delve into sitespecific historical weather data, including temperatures, precipitation, frost dates, and extreme event frequency.

Soil Texture and Drainage

Soil and drainage impact water and nutrient flow. In heavy soil or poor drainage areas, consider drain tile installation. Address low-lying water pooling by adjusting field grades. 

Field Layout and Sun Exposure

Field layout influences crop health. Row orientation impacts light and air circulation. South- and west-facing fields warm faster than east or north.

Monitoring Systems 

Use weather stations and soil sensors for real-time location-specific data.

By weighing these factors, growers can reduce risk and losses, enhancing crop resilience to unpredictable weather. Thoughtful site selection paves the way for successful harvests.

5. Raised Beds on Bare Ground

Raised beds provide numerous benefits for small fruit cultivation, particularly for strawberries, and offer advantages for other small fruits as well. Here we explore essential steps for creating and maintaining productive raised beds.

Creating Raised Beds

Preparation

Begin by discing and chisel plowing to prepare the field, ensuring optimal soil conditions. Firm soil is critical for uniform plant placement.

Shaping

Form the beds with a crown in the middle, gently sloping to the sides for effective water drainage. The shovels making wheel marks push soil onto the newly formed bed. Discs ahead of the shaper move soil to the bed’s center, ensuring firmness. The shaper should be angled downward away from the tractor, pressing the soil to create the bed. Beds are shaped twice to ensure proper filling and firmness.

Soil Moisture

Consider soil moisture during bed shaping. Excessively wet soil becomes sticky and challenging to work with, while overly dry soil won’t maintain its shape. To address this, irrigate the field or wait for rain before bed shaping to reduce excess air space and enhance soil cohesion.

Maintaining Raised Beds

One year later, the strawberry field is due for renovation. A well-prepared raised bed should maintain its original height for many years with proper care.

After the standard renovation mowing, rototill the beds to incorporate straw and plant material. We utilize a Lilliston Rolling Cultivator with adjustable “gang” attachments to facilitate precise cultivation near plant rows on the bed top and at an angle on the bed edge. These cultivator shovels push the soil back in place to maintain bed shape.

By following these steps, you can ensure the longevity and productivity of your raised beds. Raised beds provide an efficient way to cultivate a variety of crops while maintaining soil health and consistency.

Posted in: Newsletter

Site Preparation

• Avoid a site where previous crops have included brambles, strawberries, potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, or peppers. Destroy all wild raspberries and other brambles within 500 to 1,000 feet of your planting site.
• We advise taking soil samples to get a read on your pH, percentage of organic matter, and overall fertility to make changes well in advance of planting. Our recommendations are a pH in the 6.5–6.8 range with minimum 2–3% organic matter.
• Planting on raised beds is highly recommended to improve soil drainage in the rooting zone, particularly on heavier soils.
• Selecting a site with a gentle slope (3–4%) and good air drainage will also promote faster drying of foliage, flowers, and fruit. This can reduce the duration and frequency of disease infection periods. Recommended plant spacing is 18–24 inches in the row and 10–12 feet between the rows.
• Drip Irrigation is an essential component to successful raspberry production. Plants generally require 1–2 inches of water per week during the growing season and 2–3 inches per week during harvest. We suggest having your local irrigation sales company review your field layout for the best recommendation.

Choosing a Variety

One of the most important decisions a grower can make is the choice of varieties for their operation. U-Pick growers look at flavor and season extension as priorities. Productivity, ease-of-picking and longer shelf-life potential are important for fresh market sales. Ripening time is also an important consideration both for areas that get high late summer temperatures or are prone to early hard frost. Please see our catalog or noursefarms.com for variety descriptions. Below is a chart of our primocane raspberry varieties and ripening time.

Planting & Fertilization

• We recommend planting early in the spring when soil temperatures are in the 45–50-degree range.
• Keeping roots at this depth and not too deep allows easier sucker development from roots.
• Consider using a product such as Agri-gelTM to help support plants through dry periods.
• Do not fertilize at planting. Earlier in this article, we recommend a soil sample the previous year to determine nutritional needs. If needed, apply 20–35 pounds actual nitrogen per acre based on soil type. Primocane fruiting varieties can benefit from split fertilizer applications in early spring and again in late May or June.
• Using mulches during the first year for the establishment of raspberry plants can help manage weeds, reduce or eliminate herbicides, maintain soil moisture for the new plants, and maximize the growth of the new planting.

Tunnel Production

High tunnel raspberry production continues to be a hot topic in the industry. We have had excellent success in using high tunnels in our bramble production. High tunnels can lengthen the fall picking season on primocanes. In reverse, if double cropping, the floricane crop can be even earlier under high tunnels.

Trellising & Pruning

We recommend all brambles, including red raspberries, be supported by trellis. A trellis keeps canes upright and fruit off the ground, making picking easier. Trellising also maintains good aeration throughout the planting season which helps with disease control. We have been successful using a T-bar trellis with 2 T-bars – one at 3 feet and one at 4 feet above the ground. See our website for diagrams.

Pruning time and manner depend on whether you are fruiting on the primocanes only or looking at double cropping. Most fall-bearers will produce the best crop if canes are cut down each year and only allowed to fruit in the fall. For fall production only, prune or mow all the canes to the ground, leaving little or no stubble in late winter/early spring. Timing is also very important: if canes are cut too early in the fall or too late in spring,  new primocanes will be weak. Ideal timing is 

December—February.

Double cropping means fruiting on the first year primocanes in addition to floricanes the second year. In order to develop the 2 crops, the planting must be pruned as summer bearing varieties. When allowed to stand through the winter, a second crop is produced. This second crop is produced early the following summer, lower on those over-wintered canes. After harvesting the summer crop, cut the canes to the ground, leaving the new primocanes to produce the fall crop.

Pest Management

Good weed control during the first year is essential. Raspberry plants are sensitive to most herbicides during the first few months after planting. Research has shown that applying a clean straw mulch (4 inches deep) to newly planted raspberry plants provides good weed control. We recommend the straw be chopped to form a tight layer over the top of the soil and be less affected by wind removing it. If plastic mulches are used, they need to be removed after the first growing season to reduce the threat from Phytophthora. We do not recommend bark mulch. Like any crop, a variety of pests need to be managed to maximize yields, fruit quality, and extend the life of your planting. Based on experience, growers should be concerned with:

• Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD)

• Phytophthora Root Rot

• Botrytis Fruit Rot (Grey Mold)

• Aphids

• Yellow (Late or Fall) Rust

• Mites

Please review past newsletters on our website at NourseFarms.com, or contact your local cooperative extension office for specifics on possible controls.

Posted in: Bramble Production, Newsletter